Fomindustrie Panda 400 nakup rabljenega (19.289)

Stanje: zelo dobro (rabljeno), Leto izdelave: 2013, Maksimalni premer žaginega lista: 400 mm Digitalni prikaz kota v stopinjah (+/- 46°) 2 x pnevmatska objemka Hidravlični podajalec lista Moč motorja: 1,8 kW Digitalni zaslon na dotik Ročni čitalnik črtne kode 6000 mm dovod z digitalnim pomikom Ledpfxjxx Hwwo Al Noaa 4000 mm ročni odvod z valji

Stanje: zelo dobro (rabljeno), Leto izdelave: 2014, številka stroja/vozila: XZ 10480, največja hitrost vrtenja: 3.500 obr/min, Stroj v delovnem stanju / 400 FCRO 32 mm / Žagalni stroj za industrijo penaste mase, Tip Panda 400, M80, Moč 1,9 kW, Leto izdelave 2014, Lasdsw Iwaiepfx Al Nsa Žagin list 400 mm, Skupne dimenzije: 1155 x 100 x 140 cm (z valjčnimi mizami), Dimenzije brez valjčnih miz: 71 x 100 x 140 cm.

Leto izdelave: 2025, stanje: novo, Nova enoglava žaga z dvigajočim rezilom Ø 300 mm in ročnim pozicioniranjem vertikalne osi FOM INDUSTRIE PANDA 300 ECHO - Rezilo iz volframovega karbida Ø 300 mm - Hidropnevmatski pomik rezila - Sistem za mazanje rezila z meglenjem - Komplet zaščit za območje rezanja - Dva vertikalna primeža - Dva horizontalna primeža Ledpfjf Nwxwsx Al Njaa - Pripravljeno za odsesavanje ostružkov in hlapov

Stanje: novo, Leto izdelave: 2024, Enoglavna žaga za aluminij FOM INDUSTRIE PANDA 300 ECHO z merilnim sistemom DIGISTOP 4 m, merilno letvijo DIGIBAR 3,3 m in vhodnim tračnim transporterjem PORTER 4,2 m Stroj na zalogi Konfiguracija: Enoglavna žaga z izmetom žaginega lista navzgor Ø 300 mm in ročnim pozicioniranjem vertikalne osi FOM INDUSTRIE PANDA 300 ECHO: - Žagini list iz volframove karbidne trdine Ø 300 mm - Hidro-pnevmatski pomik žaginega lista - Sistem mazanja z meglenko - Komplet zaščite območja rezanja - Dva vertikalna prijemala - Dva horizontalna prijemala - Priprava za odsesavanje odrezkov in hlapov Elektronski merilni sistem DIGISTOP 4 m: - Minimalna dolžina reza 0 mm, maksimalna 4000 mm - Uporabniku prijazna programska oprema z ikonami in funkcijskimi tipkami - Natančnost 0,1 mm - Ročno izvajanje rezanja - Urejevalnik seznama mer - Urejevalnik za meritve sprejete preko radia ali mreže - Odstranitev kosa po vsakem rezu - Prikaz referenčne vrednosti za vsako meritev - Širina valjev 200 mm Brezžična elektronska merilna letvija DIGIBAR 3,3 m: - Minimalna mera 140 mm - Maksimalna mera (brez podaljška) 1600 mm - Maksimalna mera (s podaljškom) 3300 mm - Kompletu priložena dva podaljška: 1400 mm in 1700 mm - Natančnost 0,1 mm Ledewh Rlgspfx Al Njaa - Masa 2190 g - Napajanje: 4 polnilne baterije AAA - Absolutni merilni sistem (ni potrebe po ponovnem kalibriranju) - 2 LCD vrstici s 16 znaki - Industrijska tipkovnica s 6 zaščitenimi tipkami - 2 LED indikatorja za takojšen prikaz stanja instrumenta - Ergonomski ročaj s preprostim gumbom za zajem meritve Vhodni valjčni transporter PORTER 4,2 m: - Nosilnost 10 kg na meter - Plastični valji, širina 200 mm - Navpični plastični valji

Stanje: rabljeno, Leto izdelave: 2023, Busch PANDA WV 2400 A G01 + COBRA NC 0630 C BNV 2400 A 0630 CB Lodpfjymn Hkex Al Neaa

Stanje: zelo dobro (rabljeno), Leto izdelave: 2021, We offer the ETL Prüftechnik ATS 400 X8 automatic test system, designed for electrical and safety testing of products in industrial and laboratory environments. The device is used, among others, in: Ljdpfjyc H N Nsx Al Noaa • quality control (QC) • end-of-line production testing • OEM laboratory and testing stations ⸻ Basic data • Model: ATS 400 X8 • Power supply: 230 V / 50–60 Hz / max. 10 A • Year of manufacture: 03/2021 • Manufacturer: ETL Prüftechnik GmbH (Germany) • Condition: very good, well-maintained equipment • Last ETL factory calibration: 05/2023 • Weight: 38 kg ⸻ Included equipment / scope of delivery • Main unit ATS 400 X8 with integrated touchscreen display • Windows 10 Pro operating system (OEM) • Complete set of test cables and accessories (see photos) • Manufacturer documentation • Original markings, nameplates, CE certified ⸻ Technical notes • This is a professional test and measurement instrument, not consumer electronics • Ready for immediate use in a production environment • No signs of tampering, all connectors and interfaces complete

Stanje: zelo dobro (rabljeno), Kataloška številka 7259 TEHNIČNI PODATKI - širina dovoda: 400 mm - višina dovoda: 200 mm - širina gredi: 530 mm - premer gredi: 550 mm - dolžina rezila: 530 mm - število rezil: 2 kos - mere sita: 50x50 mm - 2 spodnji zobati vlekalni gredi - motor spodnje gredi: 2,2 kW - zgornja zobata vlekalna gred - motor zgornje gredi: 2,2 kW - tračni podajalnik: 0,55 kW - dolžina podajalnega traku: 3000 mm - širina podajalnega traku: 410 mm - glavni motor: 45 kW - avto-reverz - vzvratna vožnja - dimenzije stroja (d/š/v): 2900x1600x1600 mm - dimenzije podajalnika (d/š/v): 3070x720x670 mm - teža približno 3500 kg PREDNOSTI – nemška proizvodnja – avto-reverz (z možnostjo nastavitve) Laodjyka E Tepfx Al Nea – vzvratna vožnja – rabljen sekalnik, zelo dobro ohranjen Neto cena: 85.900 PLN Neto cena: 20.450 EUR po tečaju 4,2 EUR (Cene se lahko spreminjajo glede na valutna nihanja)

Stanje: novo, Catalogue number: H0561 – New machine, in stock – CE certificate – Made in Austria – Professional grade – Cart on steel bars TECHNICAL DATA Motor power S1: 5500W (/750) Voltage: 400V / 50Hz Table height: 890mm Extraction port: 100mm Sliding table: 3200x435mm Extension table: 1200x550mm Max. cutting width with fence: 1300mm Blade diameter: 250-400mm (30) Scoring blade diameter: 120 x 20 x 3.2-4.2/2.2 mm Rotational speed: I: 3000; II: 4000; III: 5000 rpm Scoring unit speed: 8000 rpm Scoring unit motor power: 750W Saw blade tilt: 0-45° Sound power level: 90 dB(A) Sound pressure level: 88.2 dB(A) Overall machine dimensions (L/W/H): 3350x3600x900mm Lsdpfx Asyg Iu Ijl Noaa Shipping dimensions: 1350 x 2200 x 1170 mm Net/gross weight: 930 /1110kg Features: – Robust construction – Large aluminium sliding table with outrigger, ideal for machining large parts and dimensioning large, heavy boards – Cast iron working table (1100 x 700 mm) with table extension (900 x 830 mm) and table length extension (610 x 600 mm), all in solid steel design – Extension table (1200 x 550 mm) + crosscut fence (1950–3300 mm) – Scoring unit with separate motor – Manually adjustable main saw blade angle 0°-45° (via angle indicator) – Electric adjustment of main saw blade and scoring blade height Scope of delivery: LEUCO TCT main blade (Ø300 x 30 x 3.2 mm T72) LEUCO scoring blade (Ø120 x 20 x 3-3.8 T=2*12ES) Pressure beam – optional Net price: 24,300 PLN Net price: 5,750 EUR depending on an exchange rate of 4.20 EUR (Prices may vary with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Stanje: zelo dobro (rabljeno), CATALOGUE NUMBER 72133 TECHNICAL DATA - Max. cutting height: 180 mm - Track width: 400 mm - Shaft width: 370 mm - Shaft diameter: 60 mm - Max. saw blade diameter: 300 mm - Saw blade bore diameter: 80 mm - Min. workpiece length: 630 mm - Max. workpiece width: 600 mm From above: - Pneumatic pressure system - Pawls - 2 metal pressure rollers - Pawls - Saw shaft - Smooth pressure roller - Pawls - Smooth pressure roller From below: - 2 driving toothed metal rollers - Pawls - Track - Saw shaft - Track Lajdpfx Aleyr Rmqe Nsa - Infinitely variable feed speed adjustment via frequency inverter - Main motors: 2 x 55 kW - Feed motor: 4 kW - Hydraulic elevation/lowering of the machine body - Hydraulic adjustment of saw shafts - Pump motor: 0.37 kW - Central lubrication - Extraction nozzle diameter: 1x300 mm, 1x380 mm - Dimensions (LxWxH): 3200 x 2350 x 2000 mm - Weight: approx. 5500 kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Italy – Double-shaft – Used multi-blade saw, in very good condition Net price: 238,900 PLN Net price: 56,880 EUR Net price calculated at exchange rate 4.2 PLN/EUR (price may vary with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Stanje: rabljeno, Funkcionalnost: popolnoma funkcionalen, prevoženi kilometri: 687.000 km, moč: 294,2 kW (400,00 KM), prva registracija: 08/2007, vrsta goriva: dizel, konfiguracija osi: 8x4, medosna razdalja: 3.800 mm, gorivo: dizel, vrsta prenosa: mehanski, emisijski razred: Euro 5, vzmetenje: jeklo-zrak, dolžina tovornega prostora: 6.800 mm, Leto izdelave: 2007, Oprema: ABS, retarder, 8x4 Euro 5 Manual transmission Tridem 4th axle is a steering and lift axle Wheelbase: 3.80 m Ljdpfx Alsrdd Alo Noaa Loading platform length: 6.80 m Technically sound and ready to drive

Stanje: novo, Grinding wheel width max. 145 mm Grinding wheel diameter/bore 300 mm Flange taper Reishauer 0 Grinding wheel dimensions 300x145x160 mm Carrier flange (machine type Reishauer RZ 400/800/1000) + including grinding wheel T1SP 300x145x160 M1 EW20° 2GG by 3M Ceramic grinding wheels for gear flank grinding - 145 mm wide Dimensions according to machine type Reishauer Profiling in accordance with module m, thread type gg, pressure angle EW Advantages: - Grinding burn risk approaches zero Lsdpsuayymsfx Al Njaa - Up to 50% reduced grinding times - Dressing effort reduced by half - Double the service life of grinding wheels - Consistently uniform grinding performance - Significantly higher grinding parameters compared to standard tools

Stanje: novo, Grinding wheel width max. 145 mm Grinding wheel diameter/bore 300 mm Flange taper Reishauer 0 Grinding wheel dimensions 300x145x160 mm Carrier flange (machine type Reishauer RZ 400/800/1000) + including grinding wheel T1SP 300x145x160 M 1.5 EW20° 3GG by 3M Ceramic grinding wheels for gear flank grinding – 145 mm wide Dimensions according to Reishauer machine type Profiling according to specified module m, tooth system gg, pressure angle EW Advantages: - Grinding burn risk reduced to nearly zero Lsdpfeuayy Hox Al Nsaa - Up to 50% shorter grinding times - Dressing effort reduced by 2x - Double the grinding wheel tool life - Consistently uniform grinding performance - Significantly higher grinding parameters compared to standard tools

Stanje: novo, Grinding wheel width max. 145 mm Grinding wheel diameter/bore 300 mm Laedpfxeuayyye Al Nja Flange taper Reishauer 0 Grinding wheel dimensions 300x145x160 mm Carrier flange (machine type Reishauer RZ 400/800/1000) + grinding wheel included T1SP 300x145x160 M 2.25 EW20° 3GG by 3M Ceramic grinding wheels for gear flank grinding - 145 mm wide Dimensions according to machine type Reishauer Profiling according to specified module m, tooth flank quality gg, pressure angle EW Advantages: - Grinding burn risk virtually eliminated - Up to 50% shorter grinding times - Dressing effort reduced by half - Double the grinding wheel service life - Consistently uniform grinding performance - Significantly higher grinding parameters compared to standard tools

Stanje: novo, Grinding wheel width max. 145 mm Grinding wheel diameter/bore 300 mm Flange taper Reishauer 0 Grinding wheel dimensions 300 x 145 x 160 mm Ledpfx Alouayy To Nsaa Carrier flange (machine type Reishauer RZ 400/800/1000) + grinding wheel included T1SP 300x145x160 M 2.5 EW20° 3GG Cubitron by 3M Ceramic grinding wheels for gear flank grinding – 145 mm wide Dimensions according to machine type Reishauer Profiling according to module m, number of starts gg, pressure angle EW Advantages: - Near-zero risk of grinding burn - Up to 50% shorter grinding times - Dressing effort reduced by a factor of 2 - Double the grinding wheel lifetime - Consistently uniform grinding performance - Significantly higher grinding parameters compared to standard tools

Stanje: zelo dobro (rabljeno), Funkcionalnost: popolnoma funkcionalen, Leto izdelave: 2014, Glaslift 400 – zewnętrzny podnośnik do szyb, Glasheber, Glaslift, dźwig, Uplifter, Winlet, Glassrobot Manipulator do szkła, okien, blach – podnośnik, dźwig Laodpfx Alevwbfqe Nja - rok produkcji: 2014 - maksymalny udźwig: 400 kg - jedno automatyczne wysunięcie ramienia - funkcja obrotu - 4 przyssawki - napęd elektryczny - dwie baterie - wbudowana ładowarka Cena eksportowa Możliwość transportu (tylko po oględzinach lub wpłacie) - stan widoczny na zdjęciach Cena eksportowa Lifter do obejrzenia w Polsce – Piwniczna Zdrój – 120 km od Krakowa

Stanje: novo, Naprodaj profesionalni močnostni krmilnik (tirostrski) Advanced Energy iz serije Thyro-A. Naprava je NOVA – nikoli uporabljena (skladiščno ohranjena). Industrijska oprema visoke kakovosti, primerna za napredne proizvodne instalacije. 🔧 Tehnični podatki: Proizvajalec: Advanced Energy Model: Thyro-A 3A 400-350 HF RL3 Napetost: 400 V Tok: 350 A Izhod: Relay Out 4A / 250V Tip: tiristorski (SCR) krmilnik ⚙️ Uporaba: industrijske peči grelni sistemi industrijska avtomatizacija močninsko upravljanje v proizvodnih linijah 📦 Komplet vsebuje: 3x modul Thyro-A industrijsko ohišje / hladilnik hladilni ventilator komplet kot na slikah Lodpfx Aloyw T Ipj Nsaa ✅ Stanje: NOVO – neuporabljeno Možne minimalne sledi skladiščenja. Popolnoma delujoč.

Stanje: rabljeno, skupna dolžina: 1.220 mm, skupna širina: 400 mm, skupna višina: 2.000 mm, nosilnost na odsek shranjevanja: 150 kg, We offer used shelving units here. TECHNICAL DATA Manufacturer: Nedocn Type: Shelf N Frame height: 2,000 mm (new goods) Shelf surface: 1,220 x 400 mm (used goods) Compartment load: 150 kg Number of levels: 5 pcs. Boltless assembly Cross brace Lajdpoy Dgglefx Al Noa Tiered net prices per unit plus VAT: Starter bays: 1 - 5 bays: €69.50 net per unit 6 - 20 bays: €66.03 net per unit 21 - 50 bays: €62.55 net per unit from 51 bays: €59.08 net per unit Add-on bays: 1 - 5 bays: €47.50 net per unit 6 - 20 bays: €45.13 net per unit 21 - 50 bays: €42.75 net per unit from 51 bays: €40.38 net per unit PROJECT PLANNING Our sales team will be happy to provide you with a non-binding offer tailored to your requirements. TRANSPORT & ASSEMBLY We are happy to assist you with transportation and on-site assembly of the units. TERMS OF PAYMENT Payment terms to be agreed upon in the event of an order. The stated price is the unit price/net price, as specified in the description (plus VAT). Naturally, you will receive an invoice with VAT shown separately. ABOUT US DLK, based in Nordhorn, deals in new and used products in the fields of warehouse logistics, conveyor technology, mezzanine systems, textile warehouses, as well as machinery for trade, industry, and crafts. We continuously offer attractive used equipment from various manufacturers/brands at competitive conditions. If you have any questions, feel free to contact us. Four wins – The four success factors from DLK – Warehouse technology | Levelmaker® | Logistics | Solutions

Stanje: skoraj kot novo (rabljeno), skupna dolžina: 1.220 mm, skupna širina: 400 mm, skupna višina: 2.200 mm, nosilnost na odsek shranjevanja: 150 kg, We are offering used boltless shelving units here. TECHNICAL DATA Manufacturer: Nedocn Type: Shelf N Frame height: 2,000 mm (new) Shelf: 1,220 x 400 mm (used) Shelf load capacity: 150 kg Number of levels: 6 pcs Boltless assembly Cross brace Tiered net prices per unit plus VAT: Starter bays: 1 - 5 bays: €79.20 net per unit 6 - 20 bays: €75.24 net per unit 21 - 50 bays: €71.28 net per unit from 51 bays: €67.32 net per unit Extension bays: 1 - 5 bays: €55.00 net per unit 6 - 20 bays: €52.25 net per unit 21 - 50 bays: €49.50 net per unit from 51 bays: €46.75 net per unit PROJECT PLANNING Our sales team will gladly provide you with a non-binding quotation tailored to your requirements. TRANSPORT & ASSEMBLY We are happy to assist with transport and assembly of the goods. PAYMENT TERMS Payment terms are to be agreed upon in the event of an order. The prices are stated per unit/net price or as specified in the description (plus VAT). Of course, you will receive an invoice with VAT shown separately. ABOUT US DLK, based in Nordhorn, deals in new and used products for warehouse logistics, conveyor technology, mezzanine platforms, textile storage, as well as machinery for trade, industry, and crafts. Ledpfx Aley Dgf Ij Noaa We continuously offer a wide range of attractive used equipment from various manufacturers/brands at competitive conditions. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us. "Connect Four" – The four pillars of success from DLK – Warehouse Technology | Levelmaker® | Logistics | Solutions.

Stanje: novo, Motor je nov, neuporabljen, iz skladišča. Zelo dobro stanje, pripravljen za delo. Tehnični podatki Proizvajalec: EMK Model: KAE2A132M 4B3E2K Moč: 7,5 kW Hitrost vrtenja: 1455 o/min Napetost: 400/690 V Frekvenca: 50 Hz Razred učinkovitosti: IE2 Stopnja zaščite: IP55 Način delovanja: S1 Izolacijski razred: F Izvedba: IM B3 Teža: pribl. 54 kg Laedpfxeyv R Nne Al Nja

Stanje: novo, Naprodaj nov Siemens električni motor Motor ni bil uporabljen, skladiščno stanje Brez znakov uporabe, popolnoma delujoč in pripravljen za delo Tehnični podatki Lasdpfx Aoyv Inuol Nsa Proizvajalec: Siemens Model: 1LE16032AA434AB4 Z Moč: 30 kW Št. obratov: približno 2955 obr/min Napetost: 400 / 690 V Frekvenca: 50 Hz Stopnja zaščite: IP55 Energetski razred: IE3 Mehanska velikost: 200L Tip montaže: B3 Robustna industrijska izvedba Idealen za industrijske stroje, črpalke, ventilatorje in pogone

Leto izdelave: 2016, stanje: rabljeno, Ponujamo rabljen dvo-glavi žagalni stroj FomIndustrie BLITZ ALVA 550 A, letnik 2016. Tip: BLITZ ALVA 550 A Koda: XZ 10727 Serijska številka: C0800165 Hitrost orodja: 2800 obr/min Največji premer orodja: 550 mm Premer izvrtine: 32 mm Električni priklop: 3F400VCA50HZ Poraba: 5,4 kW Leto izdelave: 2016 Največja teža: 1900 kg Ljdpfx Ajyt Ev Aol Noaa Če imate vprašanja ali potrebujete dodatne informacije, nam pošljite sporočilo ali nas pokličite.

Stanje: zelo dobro (rabljeno), Naprodaj industrijski električni motor priznanega podjetja KSB Aktiengesellschaft. Motor je v dobrem tehničnem stanju, popolnoma delujoč. Ima robustno konstrukcijo in je namenjen za delovanje v zahtevnih industrijskih pogojih. Tehnični podatki: Proizvajalec: KSB Tip: 1LA7163-4AA66-ZX77 Moč: 11 kW Napajanje: 3~ 400/690 V Frekvenca: 50 / 60 Hz Hitrost: 1460 vrt/min (50 Hz) Stopnja zaščite: IP55 Razred izolacije: F Montaža: IM B35 (prirobnica + noge) Cos φ: cca 0,84 Teža: cca 85 kg Stanje: Rabljeno Popolnoma delujoče Ledpfsyvi Hfex Al Njaa Običajne sledi uporabe (vidno na slikah) Dobro stanje

Stanje: pripravljen za uporabo (rabljen), Leto izdelave: 2007, skupna masa: 1.550 kg, hitrost rezanja: 2.800.000 mm/min, Pilarka tarczowa do metalu z 2007 roku. FomIndustrie Blitz Alva 450/500 ABC posiada tarczę o średnicy 450 mm, która umożliwia precyzyjne cięcia kątowe. Przy prędkości obrotowej narzędzia wynoszącej 2800 obr./min., urządzenie przeznaczone jest do szybkiego cięcia różnych materiałów. Solidna konstrukcja zapewnia stabilność i trwałość, czyniąc tę maszynę idealną do zastosowań w przemyśle ciężkim. Rozważ zakup tej piły tarczowej do metalu FomIndustrie Blitz Alva 450/500 ABC. Skontaktuj się z nami, aby uzyskać więcej informacji. Ljdpjyhfm Djfx Al Njaa • Średnica tarczy: 450 mm • Otwór tarczy: 32 mm • Możliwość cięcia: cięcie dwustronne pod kątem (lewo i prawo) • Budowa: solidna, stabilna konstrukcja zapewniająca wysoką precyzję • Stan (wg właściciela): niska liczba motogodzin; regularnie serwisowana; w doskonałym stanie • Zastosowanie: odpowiednia do warsztatów, linii montażowych oraz wymagających warunków przemysłowych

Stanje: novo, Nov motor priznanega nemškega proizvajalca Baumüller Nürnberg. Motor je nerabljen, skladiščeno blago (old stock). Brez znakov uporabe. Tehnični podatki – s tipske ploščice: • Proizvajalec: Baumüller Nürnberg GmbH • Tip: GNA 132 MV • Napajanje: 400 V • Tok: 39 A • Moč: 12 kW • Hitrost vrtenja: 1260–4000 vrt/min • Vzbujevalna napetost: 310–365 V • Vzbujevalni tok: 0,17–0,38 A • Razred izolacije: F • Stopnja zaščite: IP23 • Standard: VDE 0530 Laedpfoyga Ugjx Al Nja • Serijska številka: 88104349 Motor je namenjen za uporabo v avtomatizaciji, CNC, posebnih strojih in kot rezervni del za obstoječe pogonske sisteme Baumüller. Cena je navedena za 1 kos.

Stanje: zelo dobro (rabljeno), Device for precise setting, measurement, and inspection of CNC cutting tools. System equipped with EZset optical camera and EZvision software (Image Controller 1). In very good condition, complete, ready for operation. Technical data and features: • Model: PRECIsset 400 • Measurement system manufacturer: EZset GmbH & Co. KG, Germany • Control screen: Image Controller 1 • Software: EZvision • Documentation version: 1.1.1 (18.08.2006) • Measuring range X / Z axis: up to 400 mm • Camera with image processing system • Tool edge, length, and diameter measuring functions • Data saving and printout capability • USB and RS ports • Power supply: 12 V DC, 40 VA • Year of manufacture approx. 2018–2019 • Complete with original PRECITOOL technical documentation Condition: Lajdpfexn Awxex Al Nea • Used, fully functional • Screen operates correctly • Longitudinal / transverse axes reference properly • Well-maintained unit from a German tooling facility Functional description: PRECIsset 400 enables fast and repeatable setup of tools before CNC machining. The EZset vision system allows for blade geometry analysis and tool wear monitoring. High measurement accuracy is ensured by a stable column and industrial-grade optics.