Vertikalni Tračni Stroj Za Razrez nakup rabljenega (100.551)

Stanje: rabljeno, Leto izdelave: 1995, Clamping force: 2200 kN Clamping platen: 755 x 755 mm Tie bar distance: 500 x 500 mm Machine weight: approx. 8 t Njdevxlufjpfx Abielg Clamping stroke: 430 mm Ejector force: 110 kN Ejector stroke: 100 mm Mould height: 250–600 mm Tie bar diameter: 85 mm Casting force: 130 kN Casting stroke: 175 mm Plunger diameter: 70, 80, 90 mm Casting volume (DIN 24480): 450, 636, 856 cm³ Specific injection pressure: 335, 260, 203 kp/cm² Corresponding parting surface: 656, 846, 1078 cm² Ejector stroke (decompression): 230 mm Used die casting machine DAW 200 S with Datavario control system for processing zinc alloys. Available upon request. Manufacturer recommends a general overhaul at their overhaul facility. The scope of overhaul can be arranged as required.

Stanje: zelo dobro (rabljeno), Leto izdelave: 1972, Description to follow! Nlodpfx Aezxh Ttjbieg

Stanje: pripravljen za uporabo (rabljen), Leto izdelave: 2021, Funkcionalnost: popolnoma funkcionalen, proizvodna zmogljivost: 6.000 enota/h, Stroj deluje brezhibno in je bil ves čas pod nadzorom vzdrževalnega servisa podjetja Quadient. Zadnje poročilo o servisu iz decembra 2025 je priloženo! TEHNIČNE PODROBNOSTI Največja hitrost obdelave: 6.000 pošiljk/uro Največja hitrost obdelave dokumentov: 6.000 dokumentov/uro Največji mesečni volumen: 300.000 zaprtih ovojnic/mesec Največja debelina paketa: 10 mm Debelina paketa za minimalni prosti prostor: manj kot 3 mm Minimalni prosti prostor v globino pri debelini paketa manj kot 3 mm: 6 mm Minimalni prosti prostor v širino pri debelini paketa manj kot 3 mm: 16 mm Nodpfx Abjzzqabsijlg Debelina paketa za povečan prosti prostor: 3–6 mm Minimalni prosti prostor v globino pri debelini paketa 3–6 mm: 12 mm Minimalni prosti prostor v širino pri debelini paketa 3–6 mm: 19 mm Kapaciteta posode za ovojnice do formata C5: največ 800 kosov Kapaciteta posode za ovojnice formata C4: največ 500 kosov Minimalna teža ovojnice do formata C5: 70 g/m² Minimalna teža ovojnice nad formatom C5: 90 g/m² Največja teža ovojnice: 110 g/m² Možnost nad polnjenja med delovanjem Minimalna širina ovojnice: 225,5 mm Največja širina ovojnice: 330 mm Minimalna globina ovojnice: 98,5 mm Največja globina ovojnice: 254 mm Minimalna dolžina zložke: 32 mm Največja dolžina zložke: 65 mm Minimalna globina pokrova ovojnice: 10 mm Največja globina pokrova ovojnice: 25 mm Minimalna odprtina v predelu pokrova: 70 mm Kot zložke: 50–90° Kot pokrova: 5–20° PODROBNOSTI O STROJU Število izvedenih operacij: 3.617.695 Napetost: 230 V AC Frekvenca: 50 Hz Varovalka glave za zapiranje ovojnic: 6,3 A Delovna temperatura: 18–28 °C Relativna vlažnost zraka: 30–80 % OPREMA Podajalnik Tower s 2 postajami CIS bralnik Bralnik Datamatrix Podajalnik prilog do formata A4 Modul za zapiranje ovojnic Transportni trak Preureditev s stikalom C4 Float Možnost lepljenja z destilirano vodo Primerna podstavna omara

Stanje: rabljeno, Leto izdelave: 1969, Rotary table diameter: 1000 mm Grinding height: 500 mm Grinding head drive power: 15/5.5 kW Total power requirement: 30 kW Machine weight: approx. 18 t Space requirement: approx. ... m S I E L E M A N N Nlsdpfx Aeu Su Apobiog Vertical Rotary Table – Surface and Internal Grinding Machine with 2 grinding heads Type RFsB 100 #8185 Year of manufacture: 1969, but completely overhauled by the manufacturer in 1990 _____ Rotary table - face plate diameter: Ø 1,000 mm Distance from table center to column: approx. 1,150 mm Installation height table/grinding heads: approx. 500 mm Workpiece height: approx. 400 mm Reach of grinding heads: approx. 500/700 mm Max. workpiece weight: approx. 900 kg Table speed hydraulic, stepless, CW/CCW (14.5 kW): 5–60 rpm Table longitudinal stroke: approx. 550 mm Table feed (internal/external grinding): 0.0025 - 0.025 mm/stroke Table oscillation (stroke) / slow feed 0.2 m: 0.2 - 1,000 mm/min Table dwell time at stroke reversal: 0-10 sec. Grindable bore diameters: approx. 0–900 mm Grinding slide stroke for both heads: approx. 500 mm Maximum internal grinding spindle diameter: 140/100 mm Surface grinding head diameter (segment wheel): 450 mm Motor drives for surface and internal grinding heads: 15 / 5.5 kW Total drive approx. 30 kW - 380 V/50 Hz * Weight approx. 18,000 kg Accessories/Special equipment: • The rotary table rotates with the workpiece and also carries out the feed movement • The respective grinding head is swiveled in by turning the column (hydraulic lifting), so that the workpiece can be machined accurately in a single clamping operation • Additional height adjustment of the internal grinding slide by approx. 150 mm • Digital display of grinding wheel speeds • Grinding wheel dressing devices mounted on the grinding tower and can be swung in manually • Separate hydraulic system * separate control cabinet * • Magnetic chuck with stepless holding force adjustment, various small parts • Currently no coolant system The machine is ideal for grinding heavy and irregularly shaped workpieces, gears, ball bearings, housings and circular knives, and is highly versatile and accurate for other grinding tasks as well. Condition: good – soon ready for demonstration. A video can be found here: Delivery: ex stock – as inspected Payment: strictly net – upon receipt of invoice We look forward to receiving your order. A wide range of other grinding machines always in stock – please inquire with us. Q U O T A T I O N We are pleased to offer you ex our stock, subject to prior sale and errors in technical data: S I E L E M A N N (Germany) Hydraulic Rotary Table Internal and Face Grinding Machine with two grinding heads and horizontal workpiece clamping Model RFsB 100 ...

Stanje: rabljeno, Leto izdelave: 2021, CNC portalna plazemska rezalna naprava Proizvajalec: Messer Tip: MultiTherm Eco 3600 Letnik: 2021 Nsdpfx Aozyablsbislg CNC krmilnik: Global Control Širina tirnice: 3.600 mm Delovne mize: 2.300 x 6.200 mm 4 avtogeni gorilniki, tip ALFA MS 4452/250 Debelina reza: maks. 150 mm Možno je rezanje pod kotom Samodejna nastavitev plinov (OmniFlow) za rezalni kisik (maks. 15 bar) Sesalni sistem: podjetje Keller, suhi separator, tip Vario 2 Programska oprema: OmniWin2021 21926

Stanje: rabljeno, Leto izdelave: 1977, Maximum wheel diameter: 400 mm Wheel width: 280 mm Module - min.: 1 Module - max.: 4 Total power requirement: 15 kW Machine weight: approx. 6,000 kg Space required: approx. ___ m L O R E N Z Universal Gear Hobbing Machine Model: F 400 Year: 1977 Serial No.: 8687 Wheel diameter min./max.: 400 mm Module range: 1 - 4 Number of teeth approx.: 8 – 210 Hobbing width approx.: 280 mm Maximum workpiece installation length approx.: 450 mm Swivel range of hobbing slide: up to 60° Cutter size (diam. x length): 160 x 220 mm Maximum cutter shift: 180 mm Cutter speeds: 125–500 rpm Table diameter x bore: 375 x 80 mm Feed ranges: axial 0.31 – 4.00 mm/rev radial 0.12 – 1.60 mm/rev tangential 0.035 – 4.5 mm/min Nlodpfot Hw Hxsx Abieg Hob spindle drive approx.: 8 kW Total drive approx. max.: 15 kW – 380 V – 50 Hz Weight approx.: 6,000 kg Accessories / Special Equipment: • Various selectable hobbing programs for climb and conventional cutting, and for radial/axial processes, possibly for worm hobbing • Universal hobbing head with cutter shift • Hydraulic workpiece clamping in table and hydraulic tailstock • Hydraulically swiveling counter-holder connection for easier loading • Differential for helical gearing • Stepless speed adjustment, speed and ampere display • Change gears, various accessories, coolant system • Very robust construction Condition: good – to be demonstrated shortly Delivery: ex-stock – as inspected Payment: upon receipt of invoice, strictly net

Stanje: generalkompletno obnovljen (rabljeno), Spodnji in zgornji vrtalni stroj, nagibni, za sedišča stolov tipa Old America ali podobne izdelke Nodjytr Edopfx Abiolg št. 4 neodvisne spodnje nagibne skupine št. 2 zgornji navpični nihajni skupini

Stanje: rabljeno, Bore diameter 99,999 mm Stroke 99,999 mm Nlodpfx Aov Twgiebieg Reach 99,999 mm Used control panel NAGEL MSU2 Without warranty

Stanje: rabljeno, Bore diameter 99999 mm Nodov Tqquopfx Abiolg Stroke 99999 mm Outreach 99999 mm Used, without warranty

Stanje: rabljeno, Leto izdelave: 1984, Bore diameter: 12 mm Stroke: 40 mm Throat depth: [unspecified] mm Total power requirement: 15 kW Machine weight: approx. 5 t Space requirement: [unspecified] m G E H R I N G 3-spindle vertical portal honing machine Model: M 3 - 40 - 12 Year of manufacture: 1986 Honing diameter normal/maximum: 2.5 – 12 / 40 mm Max. honing depth: approx. 4–40 mm Max. spindle stroke: 40 mm Installation height (table to spindle bottom/top): 300 mm Table size / Ø: 750 mm Table height above floor: 1,100 mm Njdpfx Aet Hwvtobislg Spindle speeds, each steplessly adjustable: 800–4,000 rpm Stroke speed, steplessly adjustable: 380 DH/min Spindle drive: 3 x 1 kW Total drive: 15 kW – 380 V – 50 Hz Weight: 5,000 kg Accessories / Special equipment: · Machine equipped for precision honing of automotive valve bodies approx. Ø12 x 40 mm height, with a blind hole approx. Ø8 mm x 20 mm, consisting of: · BOSCH PLC control system for programmable operation sequence and Cylindromatic “S” control. · 8-station rotary index table, type DH 750-45, approx. Ø 750 mm · Loading of workpieces via chute; outside the table area there are a deburring station, pre-measurement station, and a part flipping station · Pre-honing with subsequent measuring station · Intermediate honing with subsequent measuring station · Finish honing with subsequent measuring station · Workpiece unloading and sorting for good and reject parts · MAZ - 8-42 mechanical automatic feed heads for honing stone expansion · The three measuring stations operate with an air gauge plug that enters the bore and, if necessary, transfers correction values to the fine feed of the spindle. · Complete coolant system with belt filter, separate control cabinet, separate hydraulics, etc.

Stanje: rabljeno, Leto izdelave: 1962, Serijska številka 813 Premer vretena 160 mm Samodejni pomik: da Križni mizni sistem: 2 osi Masa stroja: približno 1,2 t Nlsdpfxjz Alc Hj Abiog Miza: 360-stopinjska rotacija Brez dokumentacije in dodatne opreme.

Stanje: rabljeno, Leto izdelave: 1998, Bore diameter: 90 mm Stroke: 490 mm Throat depth: 400 mm Total power requirement: 10 kW Machine weight approx.: 3,500 kg Space requirement approx.: m KADIA Vertical honing machine Model: VZH 90 / 450 F Year of manufacture: 1998 Serial No.: 50 / 1790 ----- Max. honing diameter: 10 – 90 mm Max. honing depth: 30 – 450 mm Max. spindle stroke: 490 mm Spindle throat depth: 400 mm Installation height under spindle nose (top): approx. 1,200 mm Table size approx.: 400 x 600 mm Max. workpiece diameter approx.: 700 mm Infinitely variable spindle speeds: 160 – 830 rpm Infinitely variable stroke speed: 25 mm/min Spindle drive: 4.5 kW Total drive: 10 kW – 400 V – 50 Hz Weight approx.: 3,500 kg Total machine height approx.: 4,000/3,300 mm Accessories / Special features: • Machine equipped with a PLC control SIEMENS S 5 / Unipos 4.0 for input of all important honing parameters such as tool speed, stroke length, expansion, honing time, error messages, etc. • With a fixed table 600 x 400 mm • Automatic shutoff after a specific, preset time with subsequent spindle retraction • Automatic motorized expansion of the honing tool via electro-mechanical feeding head ESZ 90/1 D Nsdpfx Abst Hw T Sjiolg • Separate hydraulic system, central lubrication, workpiece clamping device on the table • Currently no suitable coolant system, no honing tools included. Condition: Good to very good – ready for demonstration Delivery: Ex stock – as seen here Payment: Strictly net – upon receipt of invoice

Stanje: rabljeno, Leto izdelave: 2000, Premer honanja 45 mm Hod 1000 mm Štirivreteni stroj za honanje, prilagojen za honanje puškovih cevi. Območje honanja po podatkih proizvajalca: Nsdpfx Ajxddq Ejbielg Premer 5-45 mm Maksimalna dolžina honanja 750 mm Dodatna oprema: Orodja za premer: -10 mm -12,3 mm -13,3 mm -21,1 mm

Leto izdelave: 2009, stanje: rabljeno, Omrežna napetost: 400 V, 3L+N/ 230 V, 3L, nazivni tok: 7,5 A pri 400 V, 11 A pri 230 V, frekvenca: 50/60 Hz, prekinjalna moč pri kratkem stiku: 3,5 kA, teža: 370 kg, možen je ogled na kraju samem. Nlsdpfx Aez Da Rrebijg

Stanje: dober (rabljeno), Leto izdelave: 1976, Premer kolesa – največ 1250 mm Širina kolesa 1000 mm Modul – največ 16 Pomik rezkalne glave 250 mm Število vrtljajev rezkalnika – brezstopenjsko 32–200 vrt/min Nlsdpfjzr Rpkox Abisg Število zob – min. 12 Premer luknje v mizi 255 mm Skupna potrebna moč 32 kW Masa stroja približno 20 t Potreben prostor približno 5,1 x 3,2 x 3,7 m Odlično stanje, povišano podnožje in dolg hod rezkalne sani. 2-stopenjski ciklični obrat, zamenljiva kolesa, rezkalni vretena (32, 40, 50, 60), odstranjevalec sekancev. Stroj z odprtino na spodnji strani postelje: omogoča vpenjanje še posebej dolgih obdelovancev!

Leto izdelave: 2010, stanje: pripravljen za uporabo (rabljen), Na voljo je vertikalni brizgalni stroj Arburg s horizontalno brizgalno enoto. Zapiralna sila: 1300 kN, hod odpiranja: 500 mm, minimalna vgradna višina orodja: 250 mm, razdalja med vpenjalnimi ploščami: 750 mm, razmak med stebri X/Y: 420 mm/420 mm, dimenzije plošč X/Y: 605 mm/605 mm, maksimalna teža orodja: 650 kg, izmetalna pot: 175 mm. Dimenzije stroja X/Y/Z: pribl. 4350 mm/1650 mm/2100 mm, teža: pribl. 4300 kg, obratovalne ure: pribl. 80131 h. Stroj je pokvarjen in ni več funkcionalen ali usposobljen za uporabo. Uporablja se lahko le še za nadomestne dele. Dokumentacija je na voljo. Možen je ogled na lokaciji. Nsdpfxsyddzfe Abijlg

Stanje: novo, Funkcionalnost: popolnoma funkcionalen, Leto izdelave: 2026, vrsta upravljanja: Krmiljeno s PLC krmilnikom, stopnja avtomatizacije: polavtomatski, vrsta aktuacije: električni, proizvajalec krmilnikov: Siemens, proizvajalec laserskih virov: Max Photonics, model laserskega vira: Max Photonics 3kW mit CE, laserska moč: 3.000 W, najv. debelina pločevine: 8 mm, najv. debelina jeklene pločevine: 8 mm, maks. debelina pločevine iz nerjavečega jekla: 6 mm, maks. debelina aluminijaste pločevine: 4 mm, maks. debelina medeninaste pločevine: 4 mm, najv. debelina bakrene pločevine: 4 mm, Premer cevi (maks.): 240 mm, Dolžina cevi (maks.): 6.050 mm, delovna dolžina: 8.050 mm, delovna širina: 250 mm, delovna višina: 250 mm, potovalna razdalja osi X: 400 mm, pomik osi Y: 6.500 mm, pomik po osi Z: 280 mm, hitrost pomika os X: 116 m/min, hitrost podajanja osi Y: 131 m/min, hitrost podajanja os Z: 30 m/min, natančnost pozicioniranja: 0,03 mm, natančnost ponavljanja: 0,05 mm, teža obdelovanca (maks.): 100 kg, moč: 3.000 kW (4.078,86 KM), vhodna napetost: 380 V, vhodna frekvenca: 50 Hz, vrsta vhodnega toka: trifazni, vrsta hlajenja: voda, priključek za stisnjen zrak: 8 letvica, skupna masa: 5.000 kg, skupna dolžina: 12.500 mm, skupna širina: 2.400 mm, skupna višina: 2.550 mm, trajanje garancije: 12 meseci, Oprema: CE označba, centralizirani mazalni sistem, dokumentacija / priročnik, hladilna enota, nujno zaustavitev, odsesavanje hlapov, odsesavanje prahu, varnostna svetlobna zapora, With a completely redesigned machine concept, it combines maximum stability, highest efficiency, precise processing, and intelligent automation in a single system. It is optimally suited for processing a wide range of metal tubes and profiles – flexible, reliable, and powerful. Nlodpfxey R I Rxj Abijg A patented, innovative design in combination with an exclusive automatic loading and unloading system provides significantly increased productivity. The system operates faster, more stable, and smarter, and is available in various configurations – tailored to your individual requirements. Thanks to enhanced dynamics and increased performance, the machine delivers outstanding results in all machining processes, whether cutting, drilling, or complex contour cutting. The cutting quality is at the highest level: smooth surfaces, minimal thermal influence, and virtually no residues or rework required. Numerous patented core technologies ensure consistently high machining accuracy and consistently perfect results – even in demanding continuous operation. Even after many years of intensive use, the system’s performance remains at an exceptionally high level. This means you are investing in a sustainable, future-proof solution for your production. Cutting power 3000W Laser source MAX Photonics Laser head BOCI Autofocus Max. tube length 6500mm Tube diameter 240mm Acceleration 1.2G

Leto izdelave: 1964, stanje: dober (rabljeno), Funkcionalnost: popolnoma funkcionalen, številka stroja/vozila: 2016, used vertical hydraulic internal broaching machine with 3 broaching stations Pulling force: 16,000 kg Broaching length: 1,250 mm Broaching stations: 3 units Distance between broaching stations: 380 mm Mounting diameter of pull heads: 3 x Ø ___mm Cutting speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 1 m/min up to max. 7 m/min Return speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 7 up to max. 25 m/min Machine footprint (W x D x H): approx. 2,200 x 1,550 x 4,200 mm (without pit) Power supply / connected load: 380V, 50 Hz Accessories / special equipment: The machine is equipped with a workpiece table with 3 bores for 3 broaching stations. The tool clamping system is designed for spring-mechanical locking in the pull bridge and hydraulic-mechanical locking in the loader. The machine was electrically (Siemens S7 PLC) and mechanically modernized in 2004. The machine is equipped with an integrated coolant system. Remarks: Nledpfx Abot Dv I Asiog The machine is designed for use in series production; for optimal operation, a foundation (pit) or optionally a platform is recommended. Pull heads and ejector needles are available on request. The machine can be inspected at our warehouse.

Stanje: dober (rabljeno), Leto izdelave: 2001, številka stroja/vozila: 21022, Offer 25091 Technical Specifications: Nedpfxev U Swxo Abislg - Roller diameter: 420 mm - Throat (working depth): 400 mm - Max. clearance height: 280 mm - Table size: 600 x 600 mm - Table tiltable in 2 axes: ±45° and ±15° - Table height from floor approx.: 975 mm - Saw blade length: 3200 – 3400 mm - Infinitely variable bandsaw speed: 10 – 260 m/min - Drive: 400 V / 0.9 / 1.7 kW - Weight approx.: 500 kg - Required space approx.: W 750 x H 1950 x D 1150 mm

Stanje: dober (rabljeno), Leto izdelave: 1980, Info: Stroj je bil vgrajen v jami! - Vlečna sila: maks. 25.000 kg - Hodi dviga: maks. 630 mm - Hitrost pomika: 1 - 10 m/min - Hitrost povratka: 7 - 25 m/min - Skupna priključna moč: 45 kW - Teža stroja: 5.500 kg Po želji lahko organiziramo transport in nakladanje po vsej Evropi za doplačilo. Cene so brez DDV Nedpozvfpmsfx Abislg Ogled je možen po predhodnem dogovoru. Kontaktirajte nas, naše ekipo vam z veseljem pomaga. Odkup / prodaja strojev NAKUP / PRODAJA PROIZVODNIH IN KOVINSKOOBDELOVALNIH STROJEV, ORODJARSKIH STROJEV IN DRUGEGA. Potrebujete kakovosten, a cenovno ugoden stroj za vašo proizvodnjo? Ali želite svojega prodati? Za več informacij ali kontaktne možnosti nas dosežete preko kontaktnega obrazca.

Stanje: pripravljen za uporabo (rabljen), Leto izdelave: 1996, Two vertical Bosch form-fill-seal machines are available for sale. 1) Bosch SVB 2501 A, year of manufacture: 1993 - Bag type: pillow bag - Bag weight: 250g/500g - Bag length range: 80mm-250mm - Max. output: 40 cycles/min - Power consumption: 3kW - Machine dimensions (LxWxH): approx. 1300mm x 2500mm x 1700mm - Weight: approx. 1100kg - Included: Clip unit PS mako BS 600-CSP, year of manufacture: 2015 2) Bosch SVB 3601 L, year of manufacture: 1996 - Bag type: pillow bag - Bag weight: 250g/500g - Max. bag length: 400mm - Bag width range: 80mm-360mm Nlodpfx Aou Rc R Sjbisg - Max. production speed: 40 cycles/min - Included: Clip unit PS mako BS 600-CSP, year of manufacture: 2015 Documentation available. Inspection on site is possible. Availability: Expected from mid-January 2025.

Stanje: pripravljen za uporabo (rabljen), Funkcionalnost: popolnoma funkcionalen, Industrijski stroj za mletje mesa. KG WETTER WW 130. V odličnem stanju. Njdpfx Abjzyqmrjielg

Stanje: zelo dobro (rabljeno), Leto izdelave: 2021, Funkcionalnost: popolnoma funkcionalen, skupna dolžina: 5.650 mm, skupna širina: 1.600 mm, skupna višina: 2.520 mm, skupna masa: 1.500 kg, vhodna frekvenca: 50 Hz, vrsta vhodnega toka: Klimatska naprava, vhodna napetost: 400 V, vertikalni stroj za pranje stekla, širina 1600 mm, odprt zgoraj smer delovanja: od LEVE proti DESNI najmanjša velikost stekla: 350 x V100 mm največja teža stekla: 200 kg velikost vstopnega in izstopnega transportnega traku: 2000 mm Nlsdpfx Aez Dt Rfjbiog višina delovne površine: 550 mm debelina stekla: 3 – 15 mm število ščetk: 4 premer ščetk: 120 mm hitrost: 0,5 – 5 m/min skupna moč: 7 kW telo stroja iz nerjavečega jekla

Leto izdelave: 2002, stanje: pripravljen za uporabo (rabljen), Max. clamping force: 800 kN, heating capacity: 9.4 kW, pump motor power: 1 x 18.5 kW, connected load: 27.9 kW, weight: 7.4 t. An on-site inspection is possible. Nledpoum U S Eofx Abijg

Stanje: rabljeno, Leto izdelave: 1990, Masa stroja približno 350 kg. Nljdpszxiabofx Abieg Širina utora pri izdelavi utora do 32 mm. Širina utora pri čiščenju utora do 10 mm. Dolžina utora do 330 mm. Pogon: trifazni specialni motor. Motor: 1,5 KM ≈ 1,1 kW. Število vrtljajev motorja: 1.000 vrt/min. Napetost: 220/380 V. Način delovanja: horizontalno in vertikalno. Hod: poljubno nastavljiv. Napredovanje: samodejno in ročno. Povratni hod: rezilo se samodejno dvigne. Izvedba: kombinirani stroj za izdelavo, čiščenje in razširitev ključnih utorov.